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COB240 ANÁLISE DE SENSIBILIDADE APLICADA A AJUSTE DE HISTÓRICO DE PRODUÇÃO / SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS APPLIED TO HISTORY MATCHING
Denis José Schiozer, Augusto André Vieira Machado
DEP - FEM - UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6122, 13083-970 - Campinas/SP, Fone (019)2394916, denis@dep.fem.unicamp.br
An important step towards a good reservoir characterization and therefore a good production prediction is obtained with history matching where the reservoir model is corrected until simulation results match observed data. Due to complex reservoir characteristics and high number of parameters, there is no fully automatic history matching model reported in the literature. However there are many techniques that can be used to improve the process. This work aims an automation of some of these techniques by creating indexes to facilitate some decisions and, mainly, by creating a methodology to make an automatic sensibility analysis to quantify the influence of some parameters in the matching process.
Keywords: Sensitivity Analysis, Reservoir Simulation, History Matching, Parallel Computing.
Análise de Sensibilidade, Simulação de Reservatórios, Ajuste de Histórico, Computação Paralela.
COB241 PARALELIZAÇÃO EXTERNA DE SIMULADORES NUMÉRICOS DE PETRÓLEO / EXTERNAL PARALLELIZATION OF NUMERICAL PETROLEUM SIMULATORS
Sergio Henrique Guerra de Sousa & Denis José Schiozer
Caixa Postal 6122 – Departamento de Engenharia de Petróleo, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica – UNICAMP – CEP 13083-970 – Campinas – São Paulo – Brasil– E-mails: shgs@dep.fem.unicamp.br & denis@dep.fem.unicamp.br
One of the most important steps of petroleum reservoir characterization is history matching which requires several simulations to adjust the reservoir model. External parallelization of reservoir simulators is an important tool in the automation of this type of methodology where simulations can be distributed to a network of workstations, significantly reducing the total execution time. This work shows (1) the importance and the advantages of external parallelization in CPU intensive applications and (2) a routine (MPS) that was developed to distribute the runs over a network of workstations using the software PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). Results are shown for three different networks, varying the number of simulations and workstations. There is a great number of applications of this technique in reservoir simulation. Any application which requires several simulations can benefit from external parallelization. A routine to manage all simulations is very important to make the best use of a network.
Keywords: External parallel computing, PVM, parallelization, Black-Oil reservoir simulation, computação paralela externa, paralelização, simulação de reservatórios de petróleo.
COB242 OTIMIZAÇÃO DE PARÂMETROS DE PRODUÇÃO PARA MINIMIZAR OS EFEITOS DE CONE DE ÁGUA/OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION PARAMETERS TO MINIMIZE WATER CONING EFFECTS
Marcelo M. Kikuchi (Unicamp/ Cenpes - Petrobras) & Denis J. Schiozer
Unicamp - E-mail:massaru@cenpes.petrobras.com.br; denis@dep.fem.unicamp.br
Water production control is a difficult task and therefore has been extensively studied. It is characterized by a fast growing in water production, drastically reducing oil production. This control can be made by many techniques, the most common being: (1) changing the water-oil mobility ratio by using polymers and surface-active agents and, (2) using artificial barriers to obstruct the water flux. However, the cost-benefit ratio of these techniques is not always favorable. Sometimes, the only way to control the water coning is by the control of the production parameters. The objective of this work is to develop an optimization routine to find the best values of production rate and completion interval in order to maximize an objective function which represents the net present value of oil production. The methodology used for this optimization is an iterative procedure with separated optimization of production rate and completion interval, resulting in a computer program which uses a reservoir simulator to optimize the objective function by successive simulations. This methodology was tested in two water coning problems found in literature, showing good results.
Keywords: Cone de Água, Otimização, Simulação de Reservatório, Water Coning, Optimization, Reservoir Simulation.
COB260 MODELING and PERFORMANCE of pig-lift
Odair G. dos Santos, Francisco J. S. Alhanati & Sérgio N. Bordalo
Depto. de Engenharia de Petróleo, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP
Cx.Postal 6052, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas SP, Brasil - E-mail:bordalo@dep.fem.unicamp.br
Artificial lift is used in petroleum production when the energy of the reservoir is not enough to sustain the flow of oil in the well up to the surface with satisfactory economic return. The gas-lift is a widely used method of artificial lift; in some cases, the continuous gas-lift (CGL) is not efficient, and one must implement the intermittent gas-lift (IGL), for which there are different design options. There are some empirical and questionable rules of thumb to choose between the CGL and IGL, but almost no material exists in the literature for the selection among the different intermittent gas-lift designs; furthermore, there are no published models or behavior studies of their dynamics to help in the selection and design of IGL systems. This work presents a model to study the novel IGL with pig. In this system, a foam-pig separates the oil and gas flowing in the well, to prevent fall-back of oil; a double column is used inside the well. This paper presents sample results for some conditions of the petroleum reservoir. This work can aid the engineer in the determination of the optimum values of the operational parameters, and in the choice of the IGL design for particular field conditions.
Keywords: petroleum, artificial lift, gas-lift, computer simulation, production optimization.
COB261 MODELING and PERFORMANCE of Intermittent Gas-Lift with plunger
Odair G. dos Santos, Francisco J. S. Alhanati & Sérgio N. Bordalo
Depto. de Engenharia de Petróleo, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP
Cx.Postal 6052, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas SP, Brasil - E-mail:bordalo@dep.fem.unicamp.br
Artificial lift is used in petroleum production when the energy of the reservoir is not enough to sustain the flow of oil in the well up to the surface with satisfactory economic return. The gas-lift is a widely used method of artificial lift; in some cases, the continuous gas-lift (CGL) is not efficient, and one must implement the intermittent gas-lift (IGL), for which there are different design options. There are some empirical and questionable rules of thumb to choose between the CGL and IGL, but almost no material exists in the literature for the selection among the different intermittent gas-lift designs; furthermore, there are no published models or studies of their dynamics to help in the selection and design of IGL systems. This work presents a model to study the IGL with plunger. In this system, a solid plunger separates the oil and gas flowing in the well, to prevent fall-back of oil. This paper presents sample results for some conditions of the petroleum reservoir, and for variations of the operational parameters. This work can aid the engineer in the determination of the optimum values of the operational parameters, and in the choice of the IGL design for particular field conditions.
Keywords: petroleum, artificial lift, gas-lift, computer simulation, production optimization.
COB262 MODELING and PERFORMANCE of Intermittent Gas-Lift with chamber
Odair G. dos Santos, Francisco J. S. Alhanati & Sérgio N. Bordalo
Depto. de Engenharia de Petróleo, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP
Cx.Postal 6052, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas SP, Brasil - E-mail:bordalo@dep.fem.unicamp.br
Artificial lift is used in petroleum production when the energy of the reservoir is not enough to sustain the flow of oil in the well up to the surface with satisfactory economic return. The gas-lift is a widely used method of artificial lift; in some cases, the continuous gas-lift (CGL) is not efficient, and one must implement the intermittent gas-lift (IGL), for which there are different design options. There are some empirical and questionable rules of thumb to choose between the CGL and IGL, but almost no material exists in the literature for the selection among the different intermittent gas-lift designs; furthermore, there are no published models or behavior studies of their dynamics to help in the selection and design of IGL systems. This work presents a model to study the IGL with chamber. In this system, a chamber is used to accumulate oil at the bottom of the well. This paper presents sample results for some conditions of the petroleum reservoir, and for variations of the operational parameters. This work can aid the engineer in the determination of the optimum values of the operational parameters, and in the choice of the IGL design for particular field conditions.
Keywords: petroleum, artificial lift, gas-lift, computer simulation, production optimization.
COB263 MODELING and performance of Conventional Intermittent Gas-Lift
Odair G. dos Santos, Francisco J. S. Alhanati & Sérgio N. Bordalo
Depto. de Engenharia de Petróleo, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP
Cx.Postal 6052, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas SP, Brasil - E-mail:bordalo@dep.fem.unicamp.br
Artificial lift is used in petroleum production when the energy of the reservoir is not enough to sustain the flow of oil in the well up to the surface with satisfactory economic return. The gas-lift is a widely used method of artificial lift; in some cases, the continuous gas-lift (CGL) is not efficient, and one must implement the intermittent gas-lift (IGL), for which there are different design options. There are some empirical and questionable rules of thumb to choose between the CGL and IGL, but almost no material exists in the literature for the selection among the different intermittent gas-lift designs; furthermore, there are no published models or studies of their dynamics to help in the selection and design of IGL systems. This work presents a model to study the conventional IGL. The IGL works in cycles, and each cycle is made of stages that follow transient flow processes. Vertical two-phase flow occurs in the well. This paper presents sample results for typical conditions of the petroleum reservoir, and for variations of the operational parameters. This work can aid the engineer in the determination of the optimum values of the operational parameters, and in the choice of the IGL design for particular field conditions.
Keywords: petroleum, artificial lift, gas-lift, computer simulation, production optimization.
COB524 Efeitos da corrente elétrica contínua na recuperação de petróleo/EFFECTS OF DIRECT ELECTRICAL CURRENT IN PETROLEUM RECOVERY
Rosane Oliveira Mota
PETROBRAS - E&P-BA, Av. Antônio Carlos Magalhães, 1113, Sala 433
CEP.: 41856-900 Salvador, BA, Brasil - E-mail: rosane@ep-ba.petrobras.com.br
Euclides j. Bonet & Osvair V. Trevisan
Departamento de Engenharia de Petróleo, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP - Caixa Postal 6052
CEP.: 13081-970 - Campinas, SP, Brasil - E-mail: trevisan@columbia.dep.fem.unicamp.br
The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of applying a direct electrical field and to measure its significance in oil recovery through electro-osmosis and/or physical-chemical modifications on clay structure due to the electrochemical treatment.A series of laboratory experiments was conducted with linear porous media saturated with oil and water.Values for the coefficient of electro-osmotic permeability for porous media in different water saturation stages are also presented.Results are presented as graphics such as oil recovery curves, relative permeability curves and production water-oil ratio curves.In the results, it may be noted the beneficial effect of the electrical current in additional oil recovery and in the production water-oil ratio reduction.
Keywords: Electro-osmosis, Oil Recovery, Direct Current
COB531 TRANSFERÊNCIA DE CALOR EM OPERAÇÕES DE INJEÇÃO EM POÇOS / HEAT TRANSFER IN WELL INJECTION OPERATIONS
Flávio Medeiros Júnior1 & Osvair Vidal Trevisan2
1 PETROBRAS / E&P-RNCE- Av. Interventor Mário Câmara, 2783, Bloco B - Sala 48,Bairro: Nazaré
CEP 59.074-600 Natal - RN, Brasil - E-mail: fmj@ep-rnce.petrobras.com.br
2 Departamento de Engenharia de Petróleo, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP - Barão Geraldo
CEP 13.083-970 Campinas -SP, Brasil - E-mail: trevisan@dep.fem.unicamp.br
Fluid temperature is an important parameter in production or injection wells. This paper presents an analytical solution, in Laplace space, to the liquid temperature in injection operations. The model proposed for the heat transfer along the column incorporates heat accumulation ( in the column and in the annulus) to the heat exchange between the wellbore and the semi-infinite surroundings. The problem was solved by Laplace transforms and the Stehfest’s algorithm is used to invert the solution to real domain. Results show that the liquid temperature is very sensitive to the injection flow rate and the short time behaviour is affected by heat accumulation in the column and the annulus.
Keywords: Heat Transfer; Well Completion; Well Operations; Liquid Flow. Transferência de Calor; Completação de Poços; Operações em Poços; Fluxo de Líquido.
COB1118 MODELO MATEMÁTICO SIMPLIFICADO PARA DEPOSIÇÃO DE PARAFINA EM OLEODUTOS / SIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR WAX DEPOSITION IN OIL DUCTS
Sérgio Balthar Pereira da Silva, Paulo Laranjeira da Cunha Lage e Cirus Macedo Hackenberg
Programa de Engenharia Química,COPPE,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
CEP 21.945-970 Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - E-mail: paulo@peq.coppe.ufrj.br
A simplified numerical model to predict the wax deposition inside petroleum ducts is developed based on the conservation equations of mass, energy and chemical species. The model considers the radial mass fluxes of all mixture components and the phase change at the duct wall due to heat removal by the surroundings. A thermodynamic model for the phase change at the wall is utilized with melting temperatures and enthalpies for each of the mixtures components given by existing correlations. The model is able to predict the transient behavior of the effective duct diameter along all duct length.
Keywords: wax deposition, heat and mass transfer, deposição de parafina, transferência de calor e massa