Listagem por temas:
Escolhendo um título você terá acesso ao arquivo original em Post-Script.
Renan Billa
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38.400-902 - Uberlândia - M.G. - Brasil
Silvia I.Ponce
École des Hautes Études Commerciales- U.M., 5255, av. Decelles, Montréal (Qb.) Canada H3T 1V6
The ISO 14000 series are designed for integrating more than 15 environnmental standards from 43 countries. This series describes the basic elements of an effective environmental management system, by considering the main aspects concerning environmental issues. Up to now, the ISO 14000 standards are volontary. This work is mainly about Environmental Auditing, described by ISO 14010, ISO 14011 and ISO 14012 standards. Nevertheless, it is the ISO 14001, describing the basic requirements of an environmental management system, the standard that organizations will implement and the standard to which they will seek third-party registration. It is also intended here, to present an overview of the ISO 14000 series and discuss how an organization could get the benefits of adopting the standards. The benefits could be reached either by using the standards as a guide to mesure the environmental impact of the organization’s activities in order to assess its environmental performance or as a mean to identify improvement opportunities. The most important consequence of ISO 14000 implementation is their significant contribution to improve sustainable developement.
Keywords: Meio Ambiente, ISO 14000, Normalização Ambiental.
COB27 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ESTANHO(Sn) NA SOLIDIFICAÇÃO UNIDIRECIONAL / CHARACTERIZATION OF TIN (Sn) ON UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION
José Rubens De Camargo (1) ,Olivério Moreira Macedo Silva (1,2), Carlos Kiyan (1) & Francisco C. Lourenço De Mello (1,2)
(1) UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus de Guaratinguetá
Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333 - CEP - 12500-000, Guaratinguetá - SP - Brasil
(2) Divisão de Materiais - Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço - AMR-IAE
Centro Técnico Aeroespacial – CTA, Praça Marechal do Ar Eduardo Gomes, 50 - CEP - 12228-904
São José dos Campos - SP - Brasil
The present work deals with the characterization of unidirectional solidification of electrolytic tin (99,98% purity) (Mei et al.,1980), to verify the solute distribution across the whole ingot (Burton et al.,1991), (Tiller et al.,1953),. An unidirectional solidification device comprising a versatile and efficient water-cooled electrical resistance furnace was assembled (Garcia et al.,1983). Macrographic examination over both longitudinal and cross sections were performed. Microhardness testing, optical micrography, SEM/EDS examination and also chemical analysis were performed as well (Petzow et al.,1978). The obtained results showed an efficient unidirectional solidification and so far as the solute distribution, across the top, middle and base regions, is concerned no change was detected, with the exception for iron with higher concentration at the base region.
Keywords:Unidirectional, purity, ingot, solute, tin, unidirecional, pureza, lingote, soluto, estanho.
Antonio C. Caputo & Pacifico M. Pelagagge
Department of Energetics, Faculty of Engineering
University of L’Aquila, 67040 Monteluco di Roio (AQ), Italy, E-mail: caputo@ing.univaq.it
Direction of the gas flow from inside the bag towards the outside is representative of shaker type and some reverse-air fabric filter cleaning methods. In this paper, after a short description of the general characteristics of fabric filters, the literature methods to evaluate pressure drop are briefly reviewed. In order to give a contribution toward a more detailed characterization of fabric filters performances, an one-dimensional time-dependent mathematical model has been developed suitable for a fairly precise estimation of pressure, velocity and cake fields inside the filter. The iterative use of this mathematical tool allows for an economic optimization of fabric filters design. Having this in mind, an application example is presented with the aim of highlighting the capabilities of the proposed methodological approach.
Keywords: Fabric filter, mathematical model, computer simulation
COB137 POLYFUNCTIONAL PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL I - PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN
Antonio C. Caputo & Pacifico M. Pelagagge
Department of Energetics, Faculty of Engineering
University of L’Aquila, 67040 Monteluco di Roio (AQ), Italy, E-mail: caputo@ing.univaq.it
The structure of a Polyfunctional Plant for liquid and solid industrial waste treatment is discussed highlighting the high level of process integration obtainable and the consequent benefits. The plant comprises an incineration section, a section for chemical-physical-biological treatments and a stabilization-solidification section. Each section is briefly described and an overview of the sizing procedure for main equipments is presented in order to define a methodological approach for plant preliminary design to be used in economic feasibility evaluation studies.
Keywords: Waste treatment, polyfunctional plant design, industrial waste
COB233 PROJETO TTS - ESTÁGIO ATUAL E PERSPECTIVAS FUTURAS / TTS PROJECT - STATE-OF-ART AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
João Pedro Caminha Escosteguy & Sidney Lage Nogueira
Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço, Centro Técnico Aeroespacial - CTA/IAE
CEP 12228-904 São .José dos Campos, S.P, Brasil - E-Mail, tts@iconet.com.br
This paper describes the development of the "TTS Project" (Transonic and Supersonic Tunnels), an effort from the Brazilian Air Ministry, through the Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA), to equip Brazil with the installations required for the aerodynamic testing at high velocities. The progress obtained up to this point includes the definition of basic specifications, the concept design of an industrial transonic tunnel with a novel technical solution, and the design, fabrication and initial operation of a Pilot Facility. The transonic regime is the most difficult one to be simulated by theoretical / computational methods. The use of test facilities (wind tunnels) is of foremost importance in the project of vehicles that cruise at such velocities, as is the case of high-performance transport aircrafts and satellite launching rockets (in the initial phase of the flight). At the moment, Brazil lacks the capability of testing at that regime. Along with explanations concerning the technical aspects of the project, the present paper covers strategic, financial and management challanges that had to be dealt with. Remarks concerning the joint use of computers and wind tunnels, and even the future prospects of the latter, are made.
Keywords: Experimental aerodynamic, wind tunnels, testing.
COB396 CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS DO CaO e CaO.MgO FORMADO EM PROCESSO DE DECOMPOSIÇÃO TÉRMICA DO CALCÁRIO / PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CaO AND CaO.MgO FORMED IN A LIMESTONE THERMICAL DECOMPOSITION
Angela M. Hayashi, Carla A. M. da Silva, Meuris Gurgel C. da Silva
Departamento de Termofluidodinâmica, Faculdade de Engenharia Química - UNICAMP
CEP 13080-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil - E-mail: meuris@bla.feq.unicamp.br
With the aim to minimize SO 2 emission in fluidized bed combustion, it has been used the solid alkaline injection at high temperature, usually the limestone, during the fossil fuel burn. The efficiency of the SO 2 removal process, depends basically, on the characteristics of the reactant solid developed in the calcination step. This work was developed in a fixed bed experimental system and analyzed the influence of the limestone type, the calcination temperature and time on specific area, porosity and pore size distribution. Two types of limestone were used, Calcitic and Dolomitc, like sorbent. The calcination took placed at 850°C and 950°C and reacting times of 60 and 180 minutes, according to a experimental design. The results show limestone type and the calcination temperature like the most relevant factors in the calcinated solid physical structure changes.
Keywords: 1.Dessulfurização. 2. Adsorção. 3. Calcário. 4. Calcinação. 5. Dióxido de Enxofre. 6. Óxido de Cálcio.
1.Desulphurização. 2. Adsorption. 3. Limestone. 4. Calcination. 5. Sulphur Dioxide.
COB560 ALTERAÇÕES NO LIMITE DE ESCOAMENTO, FORMA DE ENCRUAMENTO E DUCTILIDADE EM AÇOS BIFÁSICOS ENVELHECIDOS/CHANGES IN THE YIELD STRENGTH, HARDENING COEFFICIENT AND DUCTILITY IN AGED DUAL PHASE STEELS.
Antonio Jorge Abdalla & Tomaz Manabu Hashimoto
Departamento de Materiais e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Engenharia - UNESP - Guaratinguetá
CEP. 12.500-000 GUARATINGUETÁ - E-mail: dmt@feg.unesp.br
In the present paper, dual-phase microstructures in two kind of low carbon were produced: API-5L-B and API-5L-X52 (microalloyed).The study evaluated the susceptibility to ageing in two kind of steels after deformation 10% upper yield strength. Results indicated that the ageing treatment were responsible in the mechanical properties variations, more specifically in the yield strength.The microalloyed dual-phase steels showed better performance compared to the low carbon dual-phase steels with no alloying elements moreover upper values in the yield strength, its ductility was also bigger.
Keywords: Aços bifásicos, envelhecimento, pré-deformação/ Dual-phase steel, ageing, pre strain.
COB574 ESTUDO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE IMPUREZAS EM SILÍCIO PURIFICADO VIA FUSÃO POR FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS / STUDY OF IMPURITIES DISTRIBUTION IN SILICON PURIFIED BY ELECTRON BEAM MELTING
Adriana Franco Bueno Braga, Jorge Otubo & Paulo Roberto Mei
Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP
CEP 13.083-970 Campinas, Brasil - E-mail: adrianab@fem.unicamp.br, jotubo@fem.unicamp.br
Silicon is commonly used to convert solar energy into electrical energy. To make this source of energy economically viable we should decrease the cost of silicon and solar cells devices. The reduction of silicon cost can be done by the use of polycrystalline material. In this work, metallurgical grade silicon (Si-GM) was purified by electron beam melting process. The advantage of this method is the vacuum (near 10-3 Pa) inside the chamber and the no reaction between molten silicon and copper crucible. The samples were prepared using variable beam power and variable time and it was conduct that the process can reduce the concentration of Fe, Al ,P, Cr, Ni, Cu, O and C. For the resistivity sample analyzed, measurements show that the concentration of impurities was higher in the centre of the sample than the edge.
Keywords: Purificação de silício; fusão por feixe de elétrons; silício policristalino / Silicon purification; electron beam melting; polycrystalline silicon
COB582 DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PROCESSO ELETROMAGNÉTICO PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE LIGAS REOFUNDIDAS / DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELETROMAGNETIC PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SEMISOLID ALLOYS.
Rubens Luis Bubenik, Marcos Margarido & Maria Helena Robert
Departamento de Engenharia de Fabricação, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica - UNICAMP, CEP 13083-970 - Campinas, SP.
E-mail: bubenik@fem.unicamp.br
The work deals with the design and assembly of an equipment for the production of rheocast metallic slurries, based on the principle of modifying the solid growing mechanisms during freezing of the alloy from liquid, by means of electromagnetic stirring. The essential parts of the equipment are: a stator engine, control system, crucible and cooling system to allow control of the material freezing rate. It was designed in a such way to produce a magnetic field with a horizontal and tangential force, related to the crucible longitudinal axis, to promote the necessary shear conditions within the liquid required to the structural modifications to produce rheocast slurry. Rheocast ingots were obtained for Al-4,5wt% Cu alloy, submitted to different operational conditions, in order to explore the equipment performance and potential. Results showed the feasibility of producing rheocast material by controlled electromagnetic stirring of liquid alloy in such a type of reactor. Refined macrostructures, with typical rheocast globular microstructures and additionally, with reduced presence of entrapped liquid in the primary phase, were produced. Therefore, rheocast material, presenting superior quality when compared to those obtained by mechanical stirring, could be obtained by using a reactor of quite simple conception.
Keywords: Solidificação; Reofundição; Agitação eletromagnética; Eletromagnetic stirring, Rheocasting, Semisolids.
COB607 CORROSÃO POR ÁGUA ÁCIDA DE AÇOS DOS VASOS DE CRAQUEAMENTO CATALÍTICO DE REFINARIAS DE PETRÓLEO, POR POTENCIOMETRIA / THE SOUR WATER CORROSION OF THE PETROLEUM REFINERIES CATALYTIC CRACKING VESSELS BY POTENTIOMETRY
Marcos Baroncini Proença1 , Célia Marina de A.Freire1 & Margarita, Balester Santos2
1- Dep. Eng. Materiais, Fac. Eng. Mecânica, UNICAMP ; CP 6122, 13083-970 Campinas-SP, Brasil.
2- Lab.Hidrogênio, Inst.Física, UNICAMP ; CP 6039, 13083-970 Campinas-SP,Brasil.
The mechanical properties detriment caused by hydrogen damages in catalytic cracking vessel wall steels are determinant factors to this petroleum refineries equipment's life time. This hydrogen is generated , with iron sulphate, by steel corrosion in sour water produced inside this vessels. The iron sulphate generate a polyssulphate film which give to steels surface some resistance to hydrogen diffusion and consequent damages. Therefore, the steels surface film stability is a important factor to major or minor time life of this equipment. In this work the cyclic polarisation was used to analyse two steel used in vessels building in terms of the stability of the films generated by corrosion reaction. With the obtained results was possible to evaluate what of the two steels could be used preferentially in this vessels building.
Keywords: danos por hidrogênio/ hydrogen damages, seleção de aços/ steel selection, estabilidade de películas/
layer stability, polarização cíclica/ cyclic polarisation.
COB1017 A TEMPERATURA NOS FENÔMENOS FOTOINDUZIDOS EM Al y Ga 1-y As / TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON PHOTOINDUCED PHENOMENA IN Al y Ga 1-y As
Marco H. Taquecita 1,2 , Sidney B. Parreira 1,2 & Luis V. A. Scalvi L
1- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências - UNESP - Bauru
Cx. Postal 473 CEP 17033-360 Bauru SP, Brasil - e-mail: scalvi@azul.bauru.unesp.br
2- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Faculdade de Eng. e Tecnologia - UNESP - Bauru
CX. Postal 473 CEP 17033-360 Bauru SP, Brasil
We present light induced electrical properties of Al y Ga 1-y As at low temperature. Heat transmission in the sample holder is discussed, in order to achieve temperature control with 0.1 degree of precision. Results of resistance as function of temperature with monochromatic light excitation in the range 0.5-1.5 µm and photoconductivity spectra measured in the range 80-200 K are reported. Temperature dependent resistance shows strong electron freezeout which can be associated to the presence of two distinct deep levels whose behavior is related to energy of exciting light. Photoconductivity spectra show bandgap transition since the measurement temperature is properly selected. The decay of photoconductivity is also measured in the range 50-90 K and its modeling reveals the charge states of existing defects. Persistent photoconductivity in indirect bandgap samples below 60 K, has much lower magnitude than in direct bandgap samples.
Keywords: Arseneto de Gálio e Alumínio, focondutividade, criostato, dispositivos eletrônicos / aluminum gallium arsenide, photoconductivity, cryostat, electronic devices
COB1042 ESTABILIDADE TÉRMICA DAS LIGAS AMORFAS Fe(85-X)B15GeX PROCESSADAS POR "MELT-SPINNING" / THERMAL STABILITY OF THE AMORPHOUS Fe(85-X)B15GeX ALLOYS PRODUCED BY "MELT-SPINNING"
Carlos kleber N. Oliveira1 & Severino Jackson Guedes de Lima2
1Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, CCT, URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz-1161,Pimenta, fax:(088) 521 0049,
63.100-000 - Crato-CE, Brasil.
2Departamento de Tecnologia Mecânica, CT, UFPB, E-mail: jackson @ vm.npd.ufpb.br , fone/fax: (083) 216 7076
58059-900 - João Pessoa-PB, Brasil.
Amorphous alloys Fe(85-X)B15GeX (x = 0-10) in the shape of ribbons were obtained by using the process of ultra-rapid "melt-spinning" solidification. The ideal processing parameters were determined and the alloys were produced in a compositions range, according to a theoretical diagram of amorphization compositions. The amorphous state was verified by X-ray difraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and ductility tests. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the thermal stability of the alloys and observe the evolution of the crystallization peaks. Continuous amorphous ribbons were obtained reaching, in some cases, as much as 20m of length, presenting dimensional homogeneity and good superficial finish. The DSC thermograms showed the crystallization peaks which are characteristic of amorphous alloys, whose thermal stability rises with the Ge content.
Keywords: Amorphous alloys, "Melt-spinning", Magnetic anisotropy, Amorphization and Crystallization.
Ligas amorfas, "Melt-Spinning", Anisotropia magnética, Amorfisação e Cristalização.
COB1053 ANÁLISE DE ELASTO-PLASTICIDADE CÍCLICA EM COMPONENTES MECÂNICOS/CYCLIC ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Rodrigo Rossi & Marcelo Krajnc Alves
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica - UFSC - Florianópolis, C.P. 476, CEP 88010-970, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
E-mail: Krajnc@grt03.grante.ufsc.br
In this work we present a theory and propose a return mapping algorithm for the analysis of cyclic elastoplastic behavior in components. Here, we make use of the elastoplastic equations proposed by Lemaitre (1992). His theory is well-founded in the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible process. The model takes into account a non-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening rule The algorithm proposed for the integration of the set of evolution equations is based in the work presented by Simo & Taylor (1986) and generalized by Benallal et al (1988) and uses the Newton-Raphson method to solve the set of local non-liner equations, as well as the set of global non-liner equations. The finite element method is employed in the discretisation of the body domain. The finite element obtained makes use of the quadratic, nine nodes Lagrangean interpolation functions. A two-dimensional example is solved, where we assume a plane stress state.
Keywords: cyclic plasticity, plasticity
COB1056 MEDIÇÃO E ANÁLISE DOS ESFORÇOS DE CONTATO RODA/TRILHO NA ESTRADA DE FERRO CARAJÁS / AN INSTRUMENTED WHELLSET INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ON GONDOLA CAR AT CARAJÁS RAILROAD
Adail Barros Filho
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Estrada de Ferro Carajás - CVRD/EFC/GIMAQ,
Av. dos Portugueses 1000, CEP 65085-580 São Luis – MA, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão -UEMA – Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI – CEP 65000-000 – São Luis – MA- E-mail : adail@elo.com.br
Sérgio Inácio Ferreira
Divisão de Tecnologia dos Transportes, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - IPT/DITT
CEP01064-970 - Caixa Postal 7141 - SÃO PAULO - SP - E-mail: ferreira@ipt.br, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica,
CEP 08701-970 - Caixa Postal 411 - Mogi das cruses - SP
This paper presents a instrumented wheelset development for lateral, vertical and position measurement at Estrada de Ferro Carajás(EFC). It may identity better track, rolling stock iteration parameter.
Keywords: Rodeiro instrumentado , manutenção ferroviária , contato roda trilho , instrumented wheelset , railroad maintenance, wheel rail contact.
COB1058 UN METODO ALTERNATIVO PARA LA ELABORACION DE MOLDES EN UN PROCESO DE FUNDICION DE PRECISION / AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR MAKING SHELLS OF INVESTMENT CASTING
Nelson Cotella, Osvaldo Oviedo, Pablo Varela, Omar Radevich, Rodolfo Kohl
Facultad de Ingeniería - Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto - Argentina - E-mail: ncotella@ing.unrc.edu.ar
Investment casting is the process whereby pieces with high dimensional accuracy and very good surface quality are made using ceramic shell molds and lost patterns. In this work evaluations were made in order to replace ethyl-silicate or colloidal silica with sodium-silicate as binder for mold manufacturing. By using sodium-silicate the following advantages are obtained: their utilization is usual in casting, it produces minimal gass emission during the pouring of the molten metal, the mechanical strength and permeability values reach or exceed those obtained with other binders, it is water-soluble, it has a low cost and molding time is markedly shorter than that of traditional binders. In order to study the feasibility of their use as a binder, several tests of the variables involved in the process were made. To this aim, green and calcined strength, drying, permeability, molding time, permeabiliy variation with temperature, slurries lifetime, shell thermal properties and cooling of the pieces in the molds, were evaluated.
Keywords: Fundición, Silicato de sodio, Microfusión, Investment Casting, Ceramic Shell, Sodium Silicate.
COB1059 MEDIDAS DE TAMANHOS DE GRÃOS AUSTENÍTICOS ORIGINAIS EM AÇOS TEMPERADOS / PRIOR AUSTENITIC GRAIN SIZE MEASUREMENT IN QUENCHED STEEL
Andrei Barban do Patrocínio, Luiz Carlos Casteletti
Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos- EESC/USP, Av. Dr. Carlos Botelho, 1465
CEP 13560-250 São Carlos, SP - Brasil - E-mail: Castelet@sc.usp.br
Special surface chemical treatments were performed on samples of hardened martensitic steel to show the original austenitic grains prior to quenching and tempering. Although the samples had a wide carbon content variation a high quality image of the austenitic grains was achieved, allowing computerized measurements. Considering all the formulas used, the compound with picric acid (6g), ether (100ml), water (100ml), hydrochloric acid (2ml) and neutral detergent (25ml) presented the best performance.
Keywords: Tamanhos de Grãos/Grains Size, Contornos de Grãos/Grain Boundary, Impacto/Impact, Ataques Metalográficos/Metallograpic Etching, Têmpera/Quenching.
COB1076 MATERIAIS COM EFEITO DE MEMÓRIA DE FORMA, CARACTERÍSTICAS PRINCIPAIS E POSSÍVEIS APLICAÇÕES / MATERIALS WITH SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT, MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS
Jorge Otubo (1, 2) , Paulo Roberto Mei (1) e Sadamu Koshimizu (2)
(1) FEM, DEMA, UNICAMP, 13084-970, CP 6122, Campinas, SP.
(2) IPEN, CNEN, 05508-900, S. Paulo, SP - E-mail: jotubo@fem.unicamp.br
Shape Memory Effect is the term used to describe the ability of certain materials to recover its original shape upon plastic deformation. Conventional materials when plastically deformed beyond the elastic limit present plastic deformation. This work will present the main characteristics of these kind of materials such as the reversibility of martensitic transformation, one way and two way shape memory and pseudoelasticity. Also it will be shown how these peculiar properties can be or are used in practical applications in areas such as naval, aerospace, automobile, nuclear, medicine, etc. Beside that this group, which is working with the development of shape memory alloy since 1994, intend to interact with the engineering community aiming mainly the possibility of exploring practical applications.
Keywords: Efeito de Memória de Forma (shape memory effect), transformação martensítica (martensitic transformation), pseudo-elasticidade (pseudo-elasticity), atuadores (actuators).
COB1081 DETERMINAÇÃO DE PROPRIEDADES DO PÓ DE NIÓBIO METÁLICO / DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES OF NIOBIUM POWDER
José Nilson França de Holanda(1), Guilherme Parente Souza(1), Hugo Ricardo Sandin(2) & Daltro Garcia Pinatti(2)
(1) Laboratório de Materiais Avançados, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28015-620, Campos-RJ
(2) Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena, 12600-000, Lorena-SP
This work presents the results of the determination of properties of niobium powder classified in four fractions of particle size. The properties studied are: particle size, morphology, particle size distribution, crystal structure (X-ray diffraction), specific surface, apparent density and compactability. The niobium powder studied presents high purity. The lattice parameter determined is 3.3067 Å. The morphology of the particles is tipically irregular, as well as presents average particle size between 10.27 - 26.84 mm, specific surface between 0.463 - 0.630 m2/g, apparent density between 2.46 - 3.14 g/cm3 and fractional porosity in the range of 63.36 - 71.29 %. The obtained results show that there is a close relationship among the investigated properties of the niobium powder and its particle size.
Keywords: Niobium powder (pó de nióbio), properties (propriedades), compacting (compactação).
COB1275 STUDY AND DESIGN OF A BATCH INCINERATOR FOR TOXIC WASTES
Massimo Bertolo & Francesco Floris
Università di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Piazza D’armi 09123 Cagliari, Italy
This paper describes a simple software tool developed to design a batch incinerator for toxic wastes. The first chapter describes ways to avoid the recombination of dioxins and production of NOx, CO. A computerized procedure to design the incinerator is described. The second part of the paper deals with the design and operation of a fully automatic incinerator. Simple oxygen and thermocouple probes drive a servo-control system to bring emission parameters into line with legislation with no reference to waste composition. The pilot plant was tested to validate the computerized procedure. For temperature and gas composition measures inside the flame, a water cooled probe was designed. Gas flow rate was measured with calibrated diaphragms. All data were acquired via computer. The incinerator has two combustion chambers. In the first one the waste is destroyed in a pyrolysis like process with low oxygen supply at low temperature and turbulence. The flue gases enter in the afterburner where they burn at high temperature and turbulence with excess oxygen. A fluidynamic analysis of afterburner was performed with a finite volume software. The software calculated data were compared with the data collected in the experimental campaign and the computerized procedure results.
Keywords: Incinerator, Dioxin, Toxic, Waste, Fluidynamic.
COB1389 DIAMOND LIKE CARBON COATINGS: AN EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION TO THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Hugo Huck, Emilia B. Halac, Jorge D. Orecchia, Marcelo Igarzabal, Hipolito Gonzalez & Maria A.R. de Benyacar
Physics Department, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avda. Del Libertador 8250 (1429) Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: huck@tandar.cnea.edu.ar, VCM group, INDUPA, Bahía Blanca, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
A novel equipment was designed and constructed for the controlled deposition of hard, amorphous, diamond-like thin films (a-C films); the starting material, CH4 gas, is ionised before impinging on the surface to be coated; the optimum energy of the ion beam is about 30-40keV. The films obtained are transparent, amorphous, insulating, hard (hardness >9 Mohs scale), chemically resistant against concentrated acids and bases, they have a high optical refractive index (1.8-2.2); high resistivity (1010- 1011 W cm ) and show good adherence on many substrates and good wear resistance; besides they were characterised using Raman spectroscopy. The tubes to be coated were stainless steel, 350mm long, 30mm diameter and were coated with a 7000 A thick hard a-C film. These tubes are part of a fluidized bed reactor used in the INDUPA vinyl chloride monomer plant and they are in contact with hydrogen chloride at about 200o C and with alumina spheres that are constantly impinging on them; under these conditions uncoated tubes have an average life of about 8 months while a-C coated tubes nearly duplicate this life-time. The main product (a-C) and the reactants are not contaminating products.
Keywords: diamond like films; protective coatings
COB1390 O SISTEMA NACIONAL DE QUALIFICAÇÃO E CERTIFICAÇÃO DE PESSOAL EM ENSAIOS NÃO DESTRUTIVOS / NATIONAL STAFF QUALIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM IN NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTINGS
João Antônio Conte
* Executive Director , ABENDE – Associação Brasileira de Ensaios Não Destrutivos (Brazilian Association of Non-Destructive Testings)
* Manager of the Certification Bureau
Coordinator of the Quality Center for Latin America and the Caribbean, R. Luís Goes, 2341
Mirandópolis – São Paulo – SP – CEP: 04043-400
Although equipment, techniques and rules applied in the performance of NDA are extremely important items, they become merely academic if the staff involved in the development and evaluation is not taken into consideration, since the reliability is fully based on the professional performing the inspection. Thus, the issue Staff Qualification and Certification in NDA is extremely important and it is actually vital, whether you consider the need to assess the inspector’s knowledge and ability or whether you consider the national and international requirements, such as Rule ISO 9712 and the European Rule EN 473. Staff Qualification and Certification in NDA has been extensively studied by the Association for 16 years, and it has established the National Staff Qualification and Certification System in NDA. The National System is being evaluated by INMETRO itself, based on the requirements established by Rule DINQP 069 and ABENDE shall be accredited as an Accredited Certification Entity – Organismo de Certificação Credenciado OCC. This study tries to objectively approach the National Staff Qualification and Certification System in Non-Destructive Testings.
Keywords: Qualificação, Certificação, Ensaios Não Destrutivos / Qualification, Certification, Non-Destructive Testings
COB1494 POLYFUNCTIONAL PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL II - ECONOMICS AND MODEL EVALUATION
Antonio C. Caputo & Pacifico M. Pelagagge
Department of Energetics, Faculty of Engineering,
University of L’Aquila, 67040 Monteluco di Roio (AQ), Italy, E-mail: caputo@ing.univaq.it
Some criteria for estimating capital investment and annual operating costs of polyfunctional plants for industrial waste treatment are presented. The process and equipment design methods presented in part I of this paper, together with the economic approach here proposed allow for complete technical-economic analyses. The overall mathematical model appears as an useful tool in economic feasibility studies. Accuracy of the developed computer mathematical model has been demonstrated referring to actual cost data from literature.
Keywords: Cost estimation, Economic analysis, Industrial waste
.