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1 Laboratory of Combustion and Combustible Matter (LCC), Department of Postgraduate Studies in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo, 514 Fernando Ferrari Av., Vitoria, Brazil

2 Department of Automation and Control Engineering, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espirito Santo, Serra, 29173-087, Brazil

3 Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espirito Santo, Vitória, 29040-780, Brazil

Abstract

Over the years, the "Jornada de Escoamentos Multifásicos" (JEM), a journey promoted by the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (ABCM), has continuously evolved through meetings and courses, reflecting on the academy and Industry's ongoing progress and developments. In this book, a collection of selected from those presented at JEM in its 6th Edition, six main axes of Multiphase Flow are covered in a strategic order: Industrial Equipment and Applications, followed by the challenges on Measurements and Instrumentation, Two-fluid flows, Multiphase CFD Modeling, Multiphase Flows with Phase Change and Chemical Reactions, and Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Each part is opened by mini-reviews or case studies written by internationally prominent researchers from the academy and Industries.

Keywords: Thermal analysis, polyethylene waste, kinetics, XRD.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Experimental techniques

2.1 Thermal analysis

2.2 Complementary techniques

3 Application for recycled polyethylene and masterbatch

3.1 Materials

3.2 Study cases

4. Conclusion

References

1 Introduction

According to (Dahlbo et al., 2018), the primary collected plastics residues are High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). The quantities attributed to each one of plastic types vary according to the country and the local industry. In the world, PE is the major plastic component present in the MSW stream. For example, about 43 % followed by 19 % of PET, 7 % of rigid HDPE, and 10 % of PP, (Soto et al., 2018). In the USA, about 33 % of PP, 15 % of LDPE, and 11 % of HDPE, (US EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2019). The more abundant in European countries are PP around 19 % and after LDPE and HDPE, close to 17 % and 12 %, re spectively (Europe, 2019).

Fig. 1 Scheme of plastics waste stream, adapted from (Duque et al., 2020).

Over the years, the "Jornada de Escoamentos Multifásicos" (JEM), a journey promoted by the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (ABCM), has continuously evolved through meetings and courses, reflecting on the academy and Industry's ongoing progress and developments. In this book, a collection of selected from those presented at JEM in its 6th Edition, six main axes of Multiphase Flow are covered in a strategic order: Industrial Equipment and Applications, followed by the challenges on Measurements and Instrumentation, Two-fluid flows, Multiphase CFD Modeling, Multiphase Flows with Phase Change and Chemical Reactions, and Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Each part is opened by mini-reviews or case studies written by internationally prominent researchers from the academy and Industries. For that, in this chapter, the X-ray diffraction technique is suggested to concede lucidity to thermal analysis techniques interpretations (Duque et al., 2020; Duque, Martins and Orlando, 2020).

2 Experimental techniques

Over the years, the "Jornada de Escoamentos Multifásicos" (JEM), a journey promoted by the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (ABCM), has continuously evolved through meetings and courses, reflecting on the academy and Industry's ongoing progress and developments. In this book, a collection of selected from those presented at JEM in its 6th Edition, six main axes of Multiphase Flow are covered in a strategic order: Industrial Equipment and Applications, followed by the challenges on Measurements and Instrumentation, Two-fluid flows, Multiphase CFD Modeling, Multiphase Flows with Phase Change and Chemical Reactions, and Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Each part is opened by mini-reviews or case studies written by internationally prominent researchers from the academy and Industries.

2.1 Thermal analysis

2.1.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis

Over the years, the "Jornada de Escoamentos Multifásicos" (JEM), a journey promoted by the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (ABCM), has continuously evolved through meetings and courses, reflecting on the academy and Industry's ongoing progress and developments. In this book, a collection of selected from those presented at JEM in its 6th Edition, six main axes of Multiphase Flow are covered in a strategic order: Industrial Equipment and Applications, followed by the challenges on Measurements and Instrumentation, Two-fluid flows, Multiphase CFD Modeling, Multiphase Flows with Phase Change and Chemical Reactions, and Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Each part is opened by mini-reviews or case studies written by internationally prominent researchers from the academy and Industries

2.2 Complementary techniques

2.2.1 Ultimate analysis

Over the years, the "Jornada de Escoamentos Multifásicos" (JEM), a journey promoted by the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (ABCM), has continuously evolved through meetings and courses, reflecting on the academy and Industry's ongoing progress and developments. In this book, a collection of selected from those presented at JEM in its 6th Edition, six main axes of Multiphase Flow are covered in a strategic order: Industrial Equipment and Applications, followed by the challenges on Measurements and Instrumentation, Two-fluid flows, Multiphase CFD Modeling, Multiphase Flows with Phase Change and Chemical Reactions, and Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Each part is opened by mini-reviews or case studies written by internationally prominent researchers from the academy and Industries

Table 1 Experimental setup.

Experiment	Maker	Operating conditions	Reference
TGA	STA 449F3, NETZSCH	Sample mass: 10-15 mg

Crucible: Al2O3

Carrier gas: N2, Air, 60 ml/min

Temperature range: 20-670 °C

Heating rates : 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min	ISO 11358-1:14

DIN 51006
DSC	SDT Q600, TA	Sample mass: 20 mg

Crucible: Al2O3

Carrier gas: N2, Air, 50 ml/min

Temperature range: 20-570 °C

Heating rate : 20 °C/min	ASTM E-2160-04(2018)
Ultimate analysis	EA 1110, CE	Default settings	ASTM D3176-15/ D5373-16
Proximate analysis	-	Moisture and ash: Weight loss

Volatile matter: by difference	ASTM D6980-17/D5630-13/D3175-20/E1131-20
XRD	ULTIMA IV, RIGAKU	CuK alpha radiation: average length 0.15419 nm

Theta/2-theta Bragg–Brentano geometry

2-theta data range: 5.00° to 125.00°

Step size: 0.02°

CuK alpha doublet: wavelengths of 0.154056 (65%)/ 0.154439 (35%) nm.

Radiation detector: LiF monochromator	(Duque et al., 2020)
Over the years, the "Jornada de Escoamentos Multifásicos" (JEM), a journey promoted by the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (ABCM), has continuously evolved through meetings and courses, reflecting on the academy and Industry's ongoing progress and developments. In this book, a collection of selected from those presented at JEM in its 6th Edition, six main axes of Multiphase Flow are covered in a strategic order: Industrial Equipment and Applications, followed by the challenges on Measurements and Instrumentation, Two-fluid flows, Multiphase CFD Modeling, Multiphase Flows with Phase Change and Chemical Reactions, and Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Each part is opened by mini-reviews or case studies written by internationally prominent researchers from the academy and Industries, Eq. (1). The reaction model represents the dependence on the fraction reacted, , Eq. (3), which is determined experimentally as a fraction of the total mass loss during the process.

(1)

(2)

(3)

and are kinetic parameters, the pre-exponential factor, and the apparent activation energy, respectively, is the universal gas constant, is the absolute temperature, and , , and represent the instantaneous, initial, and final masses of the sample, respectively.

Combining Eqs. (1) ,(2) leads to Eq. (4), that is limited to describe the rate of decomposition of a single-step process (Brown, 2001; Vyazovkin et al., 2011). For constant heating rate non-isothermal conditions ( ), Eq. (4) can be written in the form of Eq. (5).

(4)

(5)

3. Conclusion and future perspective

Over the years, the "Jornada de Escoamentos Multifásicos" (JEM), a journey promoted by the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering (ABCM), has continuously evolved through meetings and courses, reflecting on the academy and Industry's ongoing progress and developments. In this book, a collection of selected from those presented at JEM in its 6th Edition, six main axes of Multiphase Flow are covered in a strategic order: Industrial Equipment and Applications, followed by the challenges on Measurements and Instrumentation, Two-fluid flows, Multiphase CFD Modeling, Multiphase Flows with Phase Change and Chemical Reactions, and Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Each part is opened by mini-reviews or case studies written by internationally prominent researchers from the academy and Industries.

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Email: Márcio Ferreira Martins (marcio.martins@ufes.br), João Vitor Ferreira Duque (joao.duque@ifes.edu.br) , Kinglston Soares (kinglston@ifes.edu.br) , Marcos Tadeu D’Azeredo Orlando (mtdorlando@gmail.com).

2

3

Ilse Wittig

2021-02-24

F. Martins Marcio

BertelsmannSpringer